It was found that SPL transcription factor and the MADs-box family can regulate flowering time, and the FLC gene can control floral transformation. Two other genes related to vernalization, VRN1 and VRN2, were found to maintain the repressive effect of FLC. Thus, FLF and FLC are central to regulating the vernalization response. Both late-flowering vernalization-responsive ecotypes and mutants had high and steady-state levels of FLC transcripts, and FLC transcript levels decreased during vernalization-promoted flowering, which promoted flowering. The FLC gene encoded a MADS domain protein that functions as a flowering repressor. FLF gene transcription was downregulated during vernalization-dependent flowering, thereby promoting flowering. In vernalization-related mutants, the increased activity of the FLF gene led to delayed flowering. Vernalization regulatory genes, including FLC and FLF, have been cloned from Arabidopsis. Prior to differentiation of the floral primordium, plants must undergo vernalization (a period of low temperature) to form the floral primordium. Overexpression of CRY2 leads to early flowering, indicating that it can sense photoperiods. PhyA and PhyB have distinct functions in regulating flowering, with PhyA mutants flowering slightly later under long-day conditions, and PhyB inhibits flowering. Phytochromes ( PhyA, PhyB, Ph圜, PhyD, and PhyE) and cryptochromes ( CRY1 and CRY2) genes regulate photoperiods. Under photoperiod induction, leaves can transmit light signals into a light-signaling response cascade, thereby promoting flowering. In addition to genetic material, temperature, light, and water are important environmental factors that affect flower bud differentiation. The process is a result of the expression of genetic material under specific environmental conditions and the combined action of adequate nutrients and regulatory substances. It is a complex morphogenetic process, during which internal nutrients and external environmental and genetic factors have certain influences. Our results lay a foundation for the control and subsequent regulation of female and male flower bud differentiation and yield improvement.įlower bud differentiation is an important stage in the growth and development of flowering plants it is a sign of the transition from the physiological tissue state of leaf buds (vegetative growth) to the tissue state of flower buds (reproductive development) and then the formation of the embryonic morphology of the flower organ primordium. AP2 may have been involved in the establishment of floral meristem characteristics and the determination of floral organ characteristics. STM promoted the transformation of leaf buds to flower buds. NF-YA1 belongs to the NF-Y transcription factor family and may initiate downstream events leading to floral transformation. Genes such as NF-YA1 and STM were expressed during male flower bud development. J3 was highly expressed in the early stage of female flower buds and may play a role in regulating flower bud differentiation and flowering time. Our data analysis suggested that FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 play a role in flower bud differentiation. We then performed transcriptome sequencing on these stages. We sampled and paraffin-sectioned female and male flower buds for one year and determined the stages of initial flower bud differentiation, floral primordium formation, and pistil and stamen primordium formation. Their yield is closely related to several factors, such as the ratio of female and male flowers. Pecan ( Carya illinoensis) nuts are delicious and rich in unsaturated fatty acids, which are beneficial for human health.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |